Participants were asked not to consume any food or flavored drinks one hour before their scans. The mothers also did not eat or drink anything containing carrot or kale on the day of their scans to make sure it would not influence the results.
While carrot flavor can be described as "sweet" by adults, kale was chosen because it conveys more bitterness to infants than other green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli or asparagus, according to the study.
After a waiting period of 20 minutes post-consumption, the women underwent 4D ultrasound scans, which were compared to 2D images of the fetuses.
Lip corner pulling, suggestive of a smile or laughter, was significantly higher in the carrot group compared to the kale and control group. Whereas movements such as upper lip raises, the casting down of the lower lip, the pressing of the lips, and a combination of those -- suggestive of a crying face -- were much more common in the kale group than the other groups.
"By now, we all know the importance of (a) healthy diet for children. There are lots of healthy vegetables, unfortunately with (a) bitter taste, that is usually not appealing to children," said Ustun. She added that the study suggests "we might change their preferences to such foods before they were even born by manipulating" a mother's diet during pregnancy.
"We know that having a healthy diet during pregnancy is crucial for the health of children. And our evidence can be helpful to understand that adjusting maternal diet can promote healthy eating habits for children," she added.